![]() Hold down Shift to constrain movement to 45°, 90°, 135°, or 180°. A simple list of common shortcuts for Adobe Illustrator 2021. And learning Adobe illustrator shortcuts will be just like a cherry on top. Press CAPS LOCK to change tool pointer to cross hair. Because of its easy interface, you can learn it quickly. (In any panel) Apply a value, but keep value highlighted in panelĭefault Fill & Stroke (white fill/black stroke) Whats next Weve got you started on how to copy, move, reorder, rearrange artboards, and set artboard view in Illustrator. To create the new layer below selected layer To see keyboard shortcuts for zoom, cut, copy, and paste, see keyboard shortcuts for Illustrator desktop. To create the new layer at the top of list Suggestion: This program has lots of (381) shortcuts. The latest version, Illustrator CC 2019, was released in October 2018. Toggle layer between Preview/Outline modeĪlt-drag selection square in Layers panel Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor originally designed for Apple Macintosh. They are available as JPG images as well as downloadable as hi-res PDF files: Other users who’ve downloaded these keyboard shortcut cheat sheets write: Thank you for sharing. To view this in Photoshop, select Edit > Keyboard Shortcuts or use the following keyboard shortcuts: Alt + Shift + Control + K (Win) Option + Shift + Command + K (Mac) On newer MacBook Pro models, the Touch Bar replaces the function keys on top of the keyboard. Release Guide (turns it into a regular path) We hope you enjoy these quick-and-easy references to the most important keyboard shortcuts and quick keys for 14 of the most popular tools in the Creative Cloud. Be sure to let go of the Spacebar while dragging so you again don't type more spaces. Let go of Control so you see the Hand tool and immediately start dragging the mouse so you don't end up typing spaces. Move mesh point along path with Mesh toolĪdd mesh point with Mesh tool without changing colorĬonstrain orientation of polygons, stars, spiralsĪdd/subtract sides, points, spiral segmentsĬreate continuous duplicates along mouse movement 129 Shortcuts for Adobe Illustrator CC (Windows) Drawing Shortcuts Shift+Drag Constrain Shape proportion/orientation Alt+Drag Draw from center of shape/Keep. Transform pattern without transforming object Samples intermediate color from gradient, picture, etc. When finished drawing, hold Alt and release mouseĬonnect to an open (& selected) path with PencilĮyedropper tool from Live Paint Bucket tool Move anchor point while drawing with Pen toolĬreate closed path with Pencil or Paintbrush tool Switch between Add Anchor Point and Delete Anchor Point tools To cycle through tools behind column tool All together, there are 14 individual cheat sheets for the following Creative Cloud desktop tools: Photoshop. To switch between Selection and Direct Selection tools Keyboard shortcuts in the Paste Special dialog in Excel 2013. List of shortcut keys for Adobe InDesign CS5. To access Selection or Direction Selection tool (whichever was used last) at any time Illustrator Keyboard Shortcuts Adobe Community.
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![]() The writing is a bit barebones, but not too bad, especially as English is the developer's second language. The game files feel a bit bloated, I noticed that some images were too large and went off-screen and that actual videos with sound were littered in without being converted to webms or something similar. Thankfully, the developer did not make it particularly hard to modify stats yourself. The game did commit a few sins that I am opposed to, namely heavy grinding and paid cheats, both of which go hand-in-hand, one incentivizing the other. ![]() The "Psych" mechanic in game is more or less just that, getting women to strip naked in public, have sex with a stranger or swallow buckets of cum with the snap of a finger. I enjoy the game's core concept of mind control, though find it strange that it isn't one of the tags. (I thought the interracial tag was going to be white male/other races) I think it would be a nice consideration to advertise it more clearly in the first post. I did not know all this going in, having just seen the high ratings and the preview pictures without investigating the comments. If you are into that, then download this game immediately as it's sheer rarity makes it a must-play. This game is unique in that it is one of the few real porn HTML games in which you play as a black male and by extension, the vast majority of the scenes feature the girls getting railed by BBC. Main page locations are listed in a raw way (so no maps, or pics which can affect your sense of presence/movement)Īs im not much of a reader i will not assess writing in general. The premise contains some supernatural element The premise contains mind control element Things which may (or may not) impact your immersion or relatability Some quest chains contain rather repetitive/alike tasks ( though you got new vids unlocked). ( expect a bunch of pornvids cuts per task compeletion so no "lewdness ladders" for a build up sake thus no blue-balling, but no reward sense either) The game leans toward realpornsimulator direction. ![]() (there can be some with new releases but usually u just need to add 1 to the value of variable related to npc's quest to skip troubles)Īlmost no grind ( but i played with cheats so i tweaked mc stats also i dont remember 'datesim' type of grind, that is, repetitive interactions with npc just to raise some relationship scores prior to doing quest chain tasks) (though some things could be optimized and polished) QoL is sufficient to play without noticable troubles. here i just failed to equalize it with the sandboxes i usually give 4stars to : 13 In general (see table), points are awarded for the number of tiles covered by a feature a completed cloister scores nine points for the cloister plus eight neighboring tiles. : 12 Once a city, cloister, or road feature is scored, all of the followers in that feature are returned to their owners. ![]() If there is a tie for the most followers in any given feature, all of the tied players are awarded the full number of points. Points are awarded to the players with the most followers in a feature. : 10Ĭities are completed when they contain no unfinished edges from which they may be expanded, roads are similarly completed when they have closed both ends or form a loop, and cloisters are completed when surrounded by eight tiles. The stationing phase of the turn was completed by claiming the completed feature. A player may complete a feature by drawing placing a tile, claim it by stationing a follower on the newly-placed tile, and receive the score for completing it all in the same turn, but the sequence of that turn means the player cannot redeploy the follower after it is returned to their stock. ĭuring each player's turn, completed cities, cloisters, and roads (but not fields) are scored before that player's turn ends. The player with the most points wins the game. At that time, all incomplete features (including fields) score points for the players with the most followers on them. The game ends when the last tile has been placed. Each player has eight followers since one is used to keep track of the player's score, only seven can be in play at any moment. If any feature (except a field) is completed during a player's turn, the score for the completed feature is counted for the player that controls that feature after scoring, the controlling "meeple" is removed from the board and returned to the player's stock. For example, two separate fields (each with a follower/farmer) can become connected into a single field subsequently by a newly-placed terrain tile. It is possible for terrain features to become "shared" by opposing players when tile(s) are placed in subsequent turns that connect previously unconnected features. ![]() When stationing a follower, the marker is placed upright on the feature to claim that feature, except for a field, where the follower is laid down instead to emphasize that fields are not scored until the end of the game the follower's role depends on the feature claimed, changing from thief/highwayman ( road) to knight ( city), monk ( cloister or monastery), or farmer ( field). However, if the feature is connected to a feature already claimed by another player, the follower cannot be stationed on that feature. : 8–9 A follower (or " meeple") on a tile, showing the walls and buildings of the townĪfter placing each newly drawn tile, the placing player may opt to station a marker (called a "follower" or "meeple") on a terrain feature (i.e., a road, city, cloister, or field) of that newly placed tile to claim control of it. If the newly-drawn tile cannot be placed anywhere legally, the players may choose to remove the tile from the game, or return it to the draw pile. A cloister tile may be placed adjacent to another cloister tile, as there are no connecting features. Connections are made across adjacent edges only corners do not connect. The new tile must be placed in a way that extends terrain features on the tiles it touches: roads must connect to roads, fields to fields, and cities to cities. To start each turn, a player draws a new terrain tile and places it adjacent to tiles that are already face up. Score completed feature(s) (if relevant).Station a follower on the newly-placed tile (optional). ![]() Each player's turn consists of three distinct phases: The game starts with a single specific terrain tile face up and 71 others shuffled face down for the players to draw from. The game board is a medieval landscape built by the players as the game progresses. Gameplay The CRFR starting tile has three features: a single city edge, a straight road parallel to that edge, and the field occupying the remainder tile notation describes the features on each edge, clockwise from the north A new edition, with updated artwork on the tiles and the box, was released in 2014. The game has spawned many expansions and spin-offs, and several PC, console and mobile versions. ![]() It is named after the medieval fortified town of Carcassonne in southern France, famed for its city walls. It received the Spiel des Jahres and the Deutscher Spiele Preis awards in 2001. Carcassonne ( / ˌ k ɑːr k ə ˈ s ɒ n/) is a tile-based German-style board game for two to five players, designed by Klaus-Jürgen Wrede and published in 2000 by Hans im Glück in German and by Rio Grande Games (until 2012) and Z-Man Games (currently) in English. ![]() The fox is part of the family known as Animalia, known as the animal kingdom. Sometimes share these buried goodies with other foxes, who can smell their Red foxes have been known to bury their prey if they cannot eat the whole thing to save it for later, marking the spot with urine. They have been known to share their food with each other, especially within their own groups.įoxes do not run in packs but they do carry on families and communicate with each other using signals such as fox calls, tail signaling and chemical communication (marking things with urine). Social? Foxes are known as solitary hunters, that hunt mostly at night, however, Their diet consists of a variety of small game and vegetation. Red foxes live on multiple continents and are the most widely dispersed While foxes in the wild have short life spans compared to some other animals, they have figured out their role in nature.Īrctic foxes have adapted particularly well to the harsh cold conditions of the arctic tundra, figuring out how to hunt in the snow as well as how to forage for vegetation and carrion in their natural environments.Īre another fox that has adapted extremely well to the environments where they The fox is a complex animal that has adapted very well to its surroundings. The ecology of a fox is the animal’s connection to its environment and other creatures they interact with. Visit our full glossary of terms page here. Carrion – Carrion is the term for carcasses left by other animals that are a food source for the fox. Raw Prey Model – The raw prey model is a diet that mimics an animal’s diet in the wild with raw meats and tendons. Omnivores also eat meat and are considered carnivorous. Carnivore – A Carnivore is an animal that only eats meat, such as a lion. Omnivore – An omnivore is a diet that consists of meat, fruits, and vegetation. ![]() Of Terms Prey – The Prey of a fox is the small animals that they kill as a food source, some prey include, rabbits, rodents, ducks, lizards. They also get supplements such as Taurine. Many pet fox owners feed their pet foxes a mixture of raw meat, vegetables, fruit, and some grain-free kibble. Raw and cooked meat can be food for a fox.įoxes are surplus killers and will kill more than they need, and save it for later, in food caches, hidden away in their den.įox food for pet foxes, can vary depending on who the owner is. Avoid feeding them chocolate, or cherry pits. If you are feeding foxes, use grain-free kibble, as well as fruits like watermelon, and strawberries. Read to the end to see the answer for what do pet foxes eat? Fox foodįox food consists of a variety of small mammals, fruits, and vegetables. Quail and eggs and a balanced mix of tendons and meat. In northern parts of the world where the arctic fox lives, lemmings and rodents are the main meat source.Īnd will often feed on carcasses left behind by other animals (Known asįoxes that live in captivity have a diet that mimics their prey from the wild. What do foxes eat in the wild? Small mammals, vegetation, and insects. ![]() Video for What Do Foxes Eat What Do Foxes Eat in the Wild?Ī fox sometimes only makes a kill once or twice a week so it must rely on other sources of food besides meat, such as insects or vegetation.Īnd summer months, foxes who live in warmer climates feed on berries, nuts, and Foxes are omnivores and will forage for food when no meat sources are available for prey.įoxes live in different parts of the world so naturally, the food sources can vary widely upon what is available in its region and home-range. Foxes make 1-2 kills per week on average. They will also eat vegetables, fruit and fish.“įoxes eat rodents, hares, birds, lemmings, reptiles, fish, frogs, voles, eggs, earthworms, caterpillars, seasonal vegetation, berries, seeds, mushrooms, and wild grasses. “ Foxes eat small birds, rodents, rabbits and mice. 19.8 Can foxes eat dog food? What Do Foxes Eat ![]() ![]() If you used your own car, you can include what you spent for gas and oil to go to and from the place you received the care or you can include 18 cents a mile for January 1 through June 30, and 22 cents a mile from July 1 through December 31. ![]() 502 under Lodging.Īmbulance service and other travel costs to get medical care. Don't deduct more than $50 a night for each person who meets the requirements in Pub. Lodging expenses (but not meals) while away from home to receive medical care provided by a physician in a hospital or a medical care facility related to a hospital, provided there was no significant element of personal pleasure, recreation, or vacation in the travel. Surgery to improve defective vision, such as laser eye surgery or radial keratotomy. Medical aids such as eyeglasses, contact lenses, hearing aids, braces, crutches, wheelchairs, and guide dogs, including the cost of maintaining them. Medical treatment at a center for drug or alcohol addiction. The premiums you pay for Medicare Part D insurance.Ī program to stop smoking and for prescription medicines to alleviate nicotine withdrawal.Ī weight-loss program as treatment for a specific disease (including obesity) diagnosed by a doctor. The supplemental part of Medicare insurance (Medicare Part B). Qualified long-term care services (see Pub. Hospital care (including meals and lodging), clinic costs, and lab fees. If you paid someone to do both nursing and housework, you can deduct only the cost of the nursing help. Nursing help (including your share of the employment taxes paid). Medical examinations, X-ray and laboratory services, and insulin treatments your doctor ordered.ĭiagnostic tests, such as a full-body scan, pregnancy test, or blood sugar test kit. If you are a retired public safety officer, you can't include any premiums you paid to the extent they were paid for with a tax-free distribution from your retirement plan.Īcupuncturists, chiropractors, dentists, eye doctors, medical doctors, occupational therapists, osteopathic doctors, physical therapists, podiatrists, psychiatrists, psychoanalysts (medical care only), and psychologists. You can't include insurance premiums paid by making a pre-tax reduction to your employee compensation because these amounts are already being excluded from your income by not being included in box 1 of your Form(s) W-2. Reduce the insurance premiums by any self-employed health insurance deduction you claimed on Schedule 1 (Form 1040), line 17. But see Limit on long-term care premiums you can deduct, later. $28,250, plus 8.95% of the excess above $350,000.Insurance premiums for medical and dental care, including premiums for qualified long-term care insurance contracts as defined in Pub. Tax rates: The tax rates for tax year ending are: If the taxable income is: Tax rates: The tax rates for tax years beginning after and before are: If the taxable income is: Tax Rates: The tax rates for tax years beginning after are: If the taxable income is: The taxable income of an individual who is domiciled in the District at any time during the tax year (or who maintains an abode in the District for 183 or more days during the year) or of a DC estate or trust is subject to tax at the following rates: Rates for Tax Year 2022 ![]() This was soon followed by a socially distant performance of an acoustic version of their smash hit, "Worldwide." These appearances resulted in excitement amongst their fans and in the media, followed by Big Time Rush receiving over 10 million streams in 2020 alone. As the show concluded in July 2013, and after four years of recording music and touring as a band, they went their separate ways but remained close friends through the years.Īfter seven years, in an effort to bring joy to their fans during quarantine around the world, the members of Big Time Rush appeared together as a group to send a message of love and togetherness. Carlos, Kendall, James and Logan came to life as a band off the screen, releasing three full-length albums and performing across the globe. ![]() The show focused on the Hollywood adventures of four hockey players from Minnesota after they were selected to form a boy band. ![]() on June 23 and wrapping up in Concord, CA, on August 20.īig Time Rush became an overnight sensation in November 2009 when the scripted television show “Big Time Rush” launched on Nickelodeon. on the “Forever Tour” with Dixie D’Amelio.īig Time Rush will embark on the 41-date “Forever Tour” in 2022, kicking off in Washington, D.C. Big Time Rush is coming to GIANT Center on Friday, July 1, 2022, at 8 p.m. ![]() And Lefty? It's "possessed" by something that is itself possessed. Though we've never seen anyone haunt Ennard or the non-Baby Afton Robotics animatronics making him, blueprints found within Egg Baby confirm Molten Freddy has remnant inside him. Haunted Technology: As to be expected, but Molten Freddy and Lefty are unusual cases.Early-Bird Cameo: Bits and pieces of them (such as Scraptrap's hand and Scrap Baby's hair) were hidden in small parts of behind the scenes images Scott uploaded to celebrate the franchise's third anniversary.Determinator: If Tutorial Unit is to be believed, the animatronics have been trying to break into the pizzeria for months before you were hired.They have even tried to repair themselves with parts from other animatronics, only managing to make themselves look even worse. Body Horror: All of them (except for Lefty) have been abandoned for years and are in disrepair.Our hero slowly collects all of these bots, only for the Cassette Man to burn the entire building down. Back for the Dead: All of them are previously-seen characters, though one is disguised as a newcomer.And they're trying to defile your pizzeria and the animatronics who live within.įor Scraptrap, see Five Nights at Freddy's: William Afton. However, those four are generally dubbed "the Salvages", who are the last remaining animatronics of the Fazbear line after the fire that destroyed Fazbear's Fright. They don't have a certain prefix to their name, instead having unique names of their own - and all but four of them are entirely passive. Indexed By Game: Five Nights at Freddy's, Five Nights at Freddy's 2, Five Nights at Freddy's 3, Five Nights at Freddy's 4, Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location, Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator, Ultimate Custom Night, Five Nights At Freddys VR Help Wanted, Five Nights at Freddy's AR: Special Delivery, Five Nights at Freddy's: Security BreachThe animatronics of the this-time-we're-not-kidding-this-is-the-absolutely-and-totally-final game- maybe-ish. Miscellaneous: Companies, Film Continuity Novels: Silver Eyes Continuity, Fright Generation ![]() Humans: Protagonists, Instructors, The Afton Family, Other Humans BB can be used as an alternate Faz-coin farming method versus the usual method of going around the many cameras, as at very high AI levels BB can be consistently spawned by repeatedly flipping up and down the Monitor, and that the downside of his intrusion in the Office is very non-threatening.Five Nights at Freddy's Main Character IndexĪnimatronics: In General, First Generation, Second Generation, Third Generation, Fourth Generation, Fifth Generation, Sixth Generation, VR Generation, Seventh Generation, Adventure Characters.This is the case for most of the animatronics who are blocked by doors or vents. ![]()
![]() ![]() On the other hand, Final Cut Pro is a one-time purchase. Adobe Premiere Pro CC is a monthly subscription that is a part of Adobe’s Creative Cloud. One of the differences between Final Cut Pro and Premiere Pro that video editors need to consider is the pricing models. Color grading functions similarly on both programs. Some editors prefer Final Cut Pro’s timeline because it is easier to edit audio in FCPX. Film editors who are experienced with traditional editing styles may prefer Premiere video editing. The simplicity of the Final Cut Pro timeline makes it the best video editor for beginners. The major difference between the timelines is that FCPX uses a magnetic timeline, whereas Premiere Pro offers a more traditional approach to video editing using clip sequences. Dragging and dropping visual and audio assets into the Final Cut Pro or Premiere Pro timeline is simple. Photo by Mark Cruz on Unsplash Final Cut Pro vs Premiere Pro - Editing Timelineīoth editing timelines display clips in a linear format. Which video editing program is right for you depends on factors such as your experience level, your computer’s capabilities, and your preferred workflow. The two video editing programs are similar in that they display video and audio clips in a linear timeline and offer the options to add cuts, transitions, effects, titles, and much more. In this article, we want to share insight from industry professionals on the key differences between Final Cut Pro vs Premiere Pro. Some Motion templates on this web page are available from Cut Pro and Premiere Pro are two of the best video editing apps for intermediate to professional video editors.Performance tests are conducted using specific computer systems and reflect the approximate performance of Mac Studio and iMac. Pre‑release Final Cut Pro 10.6.2 tested using a complex 5‑minute project with 8K ProRes 422 media. Testing conducted by Apple in February 2022 using pre‑production Mac Studio systems with Apple M1 Ultra, 20‑core CPU, 64‑core GPU, 128GB of RAM and 8TB SSD, as well as production 3.6GHz 10‑core Intel Core i9–based 27‑inch iMac systems with Radeon Pro 5700 XT graphics with 16GB of GDDR6, 128GB of RAM and 8TB SSD. ![]() Pre‑release Final Cut Pro 10.6.2 tested using a 5‑minute project with 4K Apple ProRes 4444 media, at 3840x2160 resolution and 23.98 frames per second, transcoded to Apple ProRes 422. Performance tests are conducted using specific computer systems and reflect the approximate performance of Mac Studio. Pre‑release Final Cut Pro 10.6.2 tested using a 1‑minute picture-in-picture project with 18 streams of Apple ProRes 422 video at 8192x4320 resolution and 30 frames per second, as well as a 1‑minute picture-in-picture project with 56 streams of Apple ProRes 422 video at 3840x2160 resolution and 29.97 frames per second. Testing conducted by Apple in February 2022 using pre‑production Mac Studio systems with Apple M1 Ultra, 20-core CPU, 64-core GPU, 128GB of RAM and 8TB SSD.macOS Ventura or later is required to edit Cinematic mode video captured on devices with iOS 16 or later. macOS Monterey or later is required to edit Cinematic mode video on devices with iOS 15. In this edition, the game has received a visual overhaul, with updated sprites that add to the overall enjoyment. Age of Empires II masterfully combines elements of combat, city construction, defense management, and resource handling, making it a truly enjoyable gaming experience. This game is often hailed as one of the greatest ever created, and I wholeheartedly concur with that sentiment. For a more complete list, please visit our site and check out our blog. This is just a small taste of what is coming in the latest update. □ Q: Do I have to complete the challenges on consecutive days?įor information about how to subscribe to and prioritize your mods, visit this article. □ JOIN: The Age of Empires Official Discord Thanks again to our amazing community members, all of whom have helped to make Age of Empires what it is today! While there are plenty of notable fixes and features to look forward to in today’s build, here’s some of the big highlights coming with this month’s update:īe sure to dig down into the post below to get all of the smaller details before hopping in-game and checking them out firsthand. Ĭome dive into another update for Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition! This is a large one with balance changes, bug fixes, and more, PLUS new campaigns are coming to Return of Rome – Ascent of Egypt and The First Punic War! There’s also a fun Return of Rome Event with some awesome challenges and cool rewards – so strap on your sandals and find your shield – everything is all about Rome! Are you ready? Select your favorite icon, then click the Select Icon button to lock in your choice.įor information about how to subscribe to and prioritize your mods, visit this article.You should now be in the Profile Icons tab under Collections.On the main menu, click the Profile Icon next to your name.You can update your profile icon in your profile: No problem! All you need to do is click your Profile Icon on the main menu, select Event Mods (under Collection), and then check the unlocked event mod you want to enable! □ Q: What do I do if I accidentally unsubscribe from a special mod? The Return of Rome Event concludes September 20th. □ Q: When is the last day I can complete the daily challenges? This means that you will need to play at least five different days to complete all of the challenges. While challenges don’t have to be completed on consecutive days, only one challenge can be completed per day. Event F.A.Q.□ Q: Do I have to complete the challenges on consecutive days? ![]() The fit between these two is even more pronounced when the modern coastline is ignored, and instead the “puzzle pieces” are defined on the basis of the edge of the continental shelf. Like Snider-Pellegrini, Wegener first conceived of continental drift by noting the visual match between the shapes of the continents, particularly South America’s eastern coast and Africa’s western coast. sedimentary rocks that indicated paleo-latitude.Marshalling evidence for this audacious idea, Wegener compiled evidence of several varieties: ![]() He is the person most associated with a full-throated articulation of the idea of continental drift. According to Wegener, since the early Mesozoic, Pangaea’s various pieces have been drifting away from one another, with the Atlantic Ocean opening up in between. In it, he postulated the existence of a supercontinent he called Pangaea which existed in the late Paleozoic Era. German meteorologist Alfred Wegener compiled evidence for continental movement through time, first sharing these ideas in a 1912 talk and then later publishing a 1915 German book called Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane (‘The Origin of Continents and Oceans’). These lines of evidence would also be invoked by Alfred Wegener.Ĭontinental drift The 1966 English translation of Wegener’s 1915 book. Their shapes were so similar, he suggested that they may have been “torn away… by earthquakes and floods.”Īlmost 300 years later, in 1858, Antonio Snider-Pellegrini published his hypothesis of continental drift, using the shapes of the continents as his primary line of evidence, but also citing similar terrestrial fossils on widely separated continents. In 1596, he mused on the shapes of the Atlantic coastlines of the Americas, Europe and Africa. The earliest mention of what could later be called continental drift appears to have been Abraham Ortelius. A particular prompt came from the mapping of the world’s landmasses as a consequence of the “Age of Exploration.” (That’s a Eurocentric phrase if ever there was one! Sometimes this is called the “Age of Being Explored by Europeans,” since that is how most of the world’s population experienced it.) Once the shapes of other continents were documented, they could be contemplated. Yet various lines of evidence did suggest the notion to various thinkers in the European scientific tradition. Prior to the invention of satellite-based telemetry ( GPS), there was not discernible way to directly measure such a thing. The idea that continents can move is a rather audacious notion to emerge in the mind of an human who lives such a short life. Antecedents Antonio Snider-Pellegrini’s hypothesis of continental drift in 1858, showing the first graphical depiction of the opening of the Atlantic. Fifty years of additional data and testing have confirmed plate tectonics as thekey idea in modern geology. ![]() The new theory was a revolutionary explanation that made the distribution of volcanoes, earthquakes, continents, and topography make sense in a way that no idea had achieved before. The idea of “plate tectonics” put together old ideas about continental drift with new data showing seafloor spreading. This prompted a fresh look at crustal dynamics, and in the late 1960s and early 1970s, geoscientific consensus gelled around the idea that many different observations about our planet could be explained with a single model. A separate chapter outlines a modern treatment of plate tectonics.Īfter sputtering suggestions of continental movement in the previous 150 years (most notably in 1915), new information about the seafloor between the continents was revealed in the aftermath of World War II’s naval battles. ![]() In this case study, we examine the historical development of this important idea. Plate tectonics is an overarching paradigm that explains a lot of independent observations about Earth surface dynamics. |
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